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Literature

All Art Is Quite Useless

Oscar Wilde ended his preface to Dorian Gray with a provocation that still reads as a defence. What did he mean by useless, and why does it sound like praise?

All art is quite useless.

Oscar Wilde, preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)

TL;DR

Wilde wrote the preface after critics called Dorian Gray immoral. Its last line is less a shrug than a boundary: a work of art owes nothing to the uses we find for it.

Key points

  • The line closes a preface written as a list of aphorisms
  • Useless meant free of a moral or practical errand
  • Wilde was defending the novel against its first reviewers

Wilde added the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray after the magazine version drew a storm of reviews calling it poisonous and unclean. He answered with twenty-odd aphorisms, and he saved the shortest for last.

Useless here is not an insult. A chair is useful because it serves something outside itself; a painting, for Wilde, serves nothing but its own pattern. To ask a novel for a lesson is to treat it like furniture.

A reader who wrote to him asking what the line meant got a patient reply: a work of art is useless as a flower is useless. It exists to be looked at. That is the whole of its task, and it is enough.

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